Simply Aging

VII. Supplementary

Questions and answers from the Supporting Information of the PNAS article.

  1. 1.What is time in aging?
  2. 2.Which disciplines converge to explain aging?
  3. 3.How random is the deleteriome?
  4. 4.Can future aging states be reliably predicted?
  5. 5.Is there a space of possible aging, and where do existing species sit within it?
  6. 6.Why does aging impose an arrow of time inside organisms?
  7. 7.Do bacteria age?
  8. 8.What are hallmarks of aging?
  9. 9.What is intrinsic capacity, and why does it matter for aging?
  10. 10.What is negligible senescence?
  11. 11.What does evolution select with regard to aging?
  12. 12.Does antigeria represent decelerated aging?
  13. 13.Why does life require rejuvenation across generations?
  14. 14.Is cellular senescence a cause of aging?
  15. 15.Is chronic inflammation a cause of aging?
  16. 16.Is oxidative damage a cause of aging?
  17. 17.Do telomeres drive aging?
  18. 18.Does mitochondrial dysfunction drive aging?
  19. 19.Are epigenetic changes causes of aging or readouts?
  20. 20.Is ‘aging begins at gastrulation’ literal?
  21. 21.What have we learned from aging of model organisms as applied to humans?
  22. 22.What is the relationship between programmed cell death and aging?
  23. 23.Why does lifespan often vary across sexes?
  24. 24.Is there evidence for adult age reversal in biomarkers?
  25. 25.Why do epigenetic clocks generalize so well?
  26. 26.What is systems aging?
  27. 27.What does validation mean for an aging biomarker?
  28. 28.What are longevity intervention types?
  29. 29.How do within-species lifespan interventions differ from cross-species longevity differences?
  30. 30.Why do many interventions have modest effects in mammals?
  31. 31.Why do interventions work across species?
  32. 32.Why can organ-specific strategies be more beneficial than universal interventions?
  33. 33.What is the evidence that aging is modifiable in mammals?
  34. 34.What are the conserved pathways that modulate aging?
  35. 35.What makes an intervention translationally credible for humans?
  36. 36.Can pharmacology slow aging?
  37. 37.Can an intervention extend lifespan without slowing the underlying rate of aging?
  38. 38.How does hormesis work and can it slow aging?
  39. 39.Can temperature modulation slow aging?
  40. 40.Where does sleep fit in aging biology?
  41. 41.Why does exercise help even though it is a stress?
  42. 42.Why do universal longevity interventions often involve tradeoffs?
  43. 43.What are realistic near-term goals in aging biology?
  44. 44.Can aging be stabilized?
  45. 45.If we rejuvenate an organ, would it change the biological age of the organism?
  46. 46.What are the main risks of rejuvenation therapies?
  47. 47.Why might combination therapies be necessary?
  48. 48.Are senolytics a form of rejuvenation?
  49. 49.What are major recent advances in the field?
  50. 50.Would progress come from individual labs or large, collaborative efforts?
  51. 51.How can aging research impact public health in the future?
  52. 52.Which funding or regulatory policy changes could speed up progress?
  53. 53.What can researchers do to ensure that aging science can be trusted?
  54. 54.What advice may be given to researchers entering the field now?
  55. 55.Where will the field be in the next 5 to 10 years?
  56. 56.Is cryonics a viable strategy for longevity?
  57. 57.Can damage dilution be engineered?
  58. 58.How should we implement slowing aging and rejuvenation?